Engineering Drawing Short Questions Essay Example For Students

Engineering Drawing Short Questions Essay Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the theory of projections, its idioms in conventional practices, punctuations in the types Of lines, its abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the constructions. SQ Name different types of drawing instruments. ANSI Drawing board, T-square, Set Square, Scales, Pencil and sand paper block, Drawing pins or cello-tape, Duster or handkerchief, eraser etc. SQ Why pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line? ANSI The pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line in order to get a line of uniform thickness throughout. SQ- How will you test the set square and T-square? ANSI Testing of T-square (i) Check all screw heads and tighten, if necessary ii) In order to check the T-square, first of all draw a horizontal line, Now reverse the T-square and again draw a horizontal line with working edge. It both the lines coincide with each other, then the working edge of Adequate is alright, If there is a difference in two lines, then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error of the working edge. This error should be rectified by scraping the edge with a scraper or a sharp knife. Testing of set-squares The straightness of edges of the set-square can be checked by drawing a vertical line. Then reverse the set- square and draw again vertical line. If there is any difference between the two vertical lines then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error. This error can be removed by straightening the edges by means of a scraper or sand paper. SQ What are the standard sizes of drawing sheets according to I. S. I. And which is suitable for drawing work? ANSI The standard size of sheets according to I. S. I. Re AY(1189 X 841), AY (841 X 594), AY(ASS X 420), AY(xx 297), AY(297 X 210) and AS(210 X 148). Drawing sheet of size 594 X 420 i. E. AY size is generally used by engineering students as it is very handy and easy for drawing work in class. SQ What are the ways of sharpening a pencil for good and accurate work and which type of pencil is more suitable for drawing work? ANSI There are two ways of sharpening a pencil (i) a small piece of san d paper of zero grade, pasted upon a piece of wood. (ii) Sharpeners. Usually hard pencils such as H, B etc are used for making the engineering drawing. SQ Why cello-tape is used instead to drawing pins, now a day? ANSI Now a days, cello tapes are used in place of drawing pins for its practical convenience as the drafter, Adequate and set-squares can be moved easily over the tape. SQ What is layout of drawing sheet? ANSI The selection of suitable scale and allotment of proper space for margin, title block, parts list, revision panel, folding marks etc. On the drawing sheet is known as layout of drawing sheet. CB Why is the layout of sheet is necessary? ANSI Layout Of the drawing on the drawing sheet is necessary in order to make its reading easy and speedy. The title blocks, parts list etc will provide all the required information. Q 10 List out the contents Of title block and material list Anglo The title block should contain at least the following information. (i) Name of the institution Name of title of drawing (iii) Name, Class and Roll no. Of the student Scale Drawing number Symbols denoting the method of projection IQ I What is the necessity of folding a drawing print? Nasal Folding marks are made on the sheet to facilitate folding of prints for the purposes of filing and binding in the proper and easy manner, QUO What do you mean by convention or code? Nanas ? The representation of any matter by some sign or mark on the drawing is known as convention or code. The conventions make the drawing simple and easy to draw. IQ 3 What do you understand by thickness Of lines? Nanas There are three distinct thickness of lines used in engineering drawing. These lines are specified as thick, medium and thin lines. The line specified as thick is usually 3 times thicker and the line specified as medium is 2 times thicker than a thin line. QUO Where and why a cutting plane is drawn in a drawing? Nanas The section plane are generally perpendicular planes. The projection of a section plane, to which it is perpendicular, is a straight line. This line will be parallel, perpendicular or inclined to the x. Y line. The cutting plane is drawn in a dragging to show the inner details of an object. QUO What is the necessity of convention breaks and convention of materials? Nanas Long members of uniform cross-section such as rods, shafts, pipes etc, are generally shown in the middle by the conventional breaks so as to accommodate their view towel length on the drawing sheet without reducing the scale, The exact length of the member is shown why the dimension. QUO Why the conventional representation to common treasures are adopted on the drawing? Nanas The conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing to save the unnecessary time or space on he drawing. QUO What are the main requirements of lettering? ANSI 7:- I) The knowledge of shape and proportion of each letter. 2) The knowledge of the order and direction of the strokes used in making letters. 3) The knowledge of the general composition of letters. 4) The knowledge of rules for combining letters into words and words into sentences. QUO What is lettering? Nanas- The art of writing the alphabets A, B, C,. . Z and numbers such as 1, 2, etc. Is known as lettering. QUO What do you mean by composition of letters? Nasal ? The composition means the composing Of letters into words and words onto sentences. The letters are so arranged that the open area between two letters Of a word appears equal to the eye judgment. QUO What do you mean by uniformity of letters? Nanas The uniformity of lettering means keeping the height, inclination, spacing and strength of letters to be same. It is very essential for good lettering in engineering drawing. QUO What do you mean by normal, compressed and extended lettering? Nanas Normal lettering: The normal lettering have normal height and width and are used tort general purposes. The width tooth normal letter is about 0. 67 times of he height of the letter, Compressed lettering: The compressed lettering are those which are written in the narrow space. These are used when the space is limited, The widths of the condensed letters are less than height. Extended lettering: The extended lettering are those which are wider than normal letters but of the same height. QUO What are the guidelines and why they are necessary in lettering? Nanas:- The lines which are used to regulate the height and inclination to the letters and numerals are known as guidelines. These are to be drawn at random. The guidelines are used to regulate the uniformity Of the letters. QUO ? What do you mean by single stroke letters? NAS 23:- Single stroke letters means that the thickness Of the line Of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. Single stroke letters are Of two types. I) Vertical 2) Inclined (deg. With horizontal) QUO What is the gothic and roman lettering? Nanas Gothic lettering The lettering in which all the alphabets are of uniform width or thickness is known as gothic lettering. It can be divided into following groups. (i) Vertical or Upright vertical gothic lettering Inclined or Italic gothic lettering Roman lettering The lettering in which all the alphabets are composed of thick and thin elements is known as roman lettering and can either be vertical or inclined. QUO What do you mean by freehand lettering? Nanas ? The art of writing the alphabets without the use of drawing instrument is called freehand lettering. The freehand lettering is of the following types. A) Vertical or upright freehand gothic lettering. (i) Single stroke vertical freehand gothic lettering. (ii) Lowercase vertical freehand gothic lettering. (b) Inclined or italic freehand gothic lettering. (iii) Single stroke italic freehand gothic lettering. Iv) Lower case italic freehand gothic lettering. QUO What should be the grade Of pencil used for lettering? Nan as HOB and H grade pencils sharpened to a conical point should be used for lettering. To keep the stroke Of the letters uniform, the pencils should be rotated between the thumb and fingers while lettering. Hard pencils such as EH or B should be used to draw guidelines. QUO What is the importance of dimensioning? Nanas:. 1) Dimensioning expresses all the sizes and other information necessary to define the object. 2) It must be done with due regard to manufacturing processes and inspection requirements. ) The dimensioning also includes expression of tolerances necessary for the correct functioning of the part given to be assembled. CAB What is dimensioning? Nanas The art of writing the various sizes or measurements on the finished drawing of an object is known as dimensioning. QUO ? What do you understand by the term notation of dimensioning? Demonstration Lesson Plan in Drawing EssayNanas:- The projection of the section on the plane to Which it is inclined is called s apparent section. QUO What is true section? Nanas:- The projection Of the section on a plane parallel to the plane Will show the true shape of the section. QUO How will you classify sections of solids? What are the different positions of a section plane w. R. T. Bin reference lines? Or What are the types of sections of solids? Nanas:- 1) Section of solids obtained by horizontal planes. 2) Section of solids obtained by vertical planes. 3) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary inclined planes. ) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary vertical planes. 5) Section of solids obtained by profile plane, QUO What outdo understand by V. T. And H. T. Of section plane? Nanas Horizontal trace (H. T) ? H. T, of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the H. P. Vertical trace (V. T. ) V. T. Off section plane sis line in which the plane meets the V. P. SQ What do you mean by Frustum? Nanas When the section plane is parallel to the base plane of a cone or pyramid, it will form a frustum, QUO ? What do you mean by truncated? Nanas When the section plane is inclined to the base plane of a solid, it will form a truncated. QUO What do you understand by intersection of surfaces? Nanas The lines or curves which are formed when surfaces of two solids intersect with each other are known as intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids. QUO What are the lines or curve of intersection or interpenetration? Nanas:- When a solid penetrates into another solid, their surfaces meet in a line called the line or curve Of intersection or interpenetration. QUO Give the practical applications of the intersection of surfaces or interpenetration Of solids. Nanas:- It is used in (i) sheet metal shop (ii) pipe fittings (iii) boiler fittings (iv) airplane construction (e. G. Wings, fuse lags etc v) Automobile layout works (e. G. Body wheel house, chairs etc. ) QUO Name the methods of plotting the lines of intersection or inter-penetration of solids? Nanas:. 1) Line method or piercing point method 2) Cutting plane method QUO:- How will you classify the intersecting surfaces? Nanas:-1) the intersection of plane surfaces 2) The intersection of two curved surfaces 3) The intersection of a plane surface and a curved surface QUO What do you mean by development of surfaces? Nanas:- A layout of the complete surface of a three dimensional object on a plane surface is called its development or pattern. QUO:- What is stretch out or girth line? Nanas:- The stretch out or Birth line is the length of the pattern or development and is given by the perimeter of the object measured in a plane at right angles to the axis. This term is used in patterns of objects having a constant cross section for their full length. E. G. Prisms and cylinders. QUO What is the principle of development? Nanas The development is based on the principle which indicates that every line on the development must show the true length Of the corresponding line on the surface of the object for which development is required. QUO What re the different methods Of development Of surfaces? Nanas:- I) Parallel line development 2) Radial line development 3) Triangulation development 4) Approximate method QUO Why the true lengths of slant edges are determined? Nanas The true length of slant edges are determined because every line on the development must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object to be developed. QUO What are the applications of development of surfaces? Nanas:- It is used in the fabrication of simple to highly complicated shapes trot flat surfaces in sheet metal shops, in the construction of boilers, tatter making, tunnels, buckets, chimney etc. Q/2 What is a point? Nanas A point is that which has simply position but no magnitude. It is generally represented by a very small circle or dot, QUO What do you mean by octants? Nanas ? When the three planes i. E H. P. , V. P. And UP. Divide the entire space into eight quadrants, then these quadrants are known as octants. QUO What is the difference between first angle and third angle projection? Which angle projection is recommended by B. I. S. Now a days? What are the types of orthographic projections? Nanas:-First angle projection:-Len this projection the Object is assumed to be situated in first quadrant, i. E. In front of V. P and above HP the projections Obtained on these planes is called first angle projection. The symbol for the first angle projection is Figure. Third angle projection: In this Projection the object is assumed to be situated in the third quadrant that is below HP and behind UP . The front view comes below the XX line and the top view above it. The symbol for the third angle projection is Now a day we are working with first angle projection because it is recommended by the B,I. S and it is adopted by almost all the countries of the world since 1983. QUO Why the projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants? Nanas The projections to an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants because the overlapping will take place. It will become very difficult to understand the views. QUO When the auxiliary planes are used? Nanas ? The auxiliary planes are used in order to view the true shape of an inclined surface. The projection drawn on the auxiliary plane is known as the auxiliary view and gives the true shape of the inclined surface. QUO ? What are the types of auxiliary planes? Nanas:-The plane placed at any angles to the principle planes is called auxiliary plane. Auxiliary planes are of two types. I) Auxiliary vertical plane (A_V. P is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the UP. Projection on an APP is called auxiliary front view. 2) Auxiliary inclined plane (ALP is perpendicular to the UP and inclined to the HP. Projection on API is called auxiliary top view. 078 Define a straight line. Nanas A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between the two points. QUO:. What is true length Off line? Nanas:-When a straight line is inclined to one plane and parallel to the other, its projections on the plane to which it is parallel will show its true length. QUO What do you mean by projections of a straight line? Nanas:-To draw the Toronto view, top view and side view to a straight line is called projection of a straight line. QUO:- What is inclination of a straight line? Nanas :-let is defined as the angle which the line makes with the plane. As such a line has two inclinations i. E. Inclination with the HP is represented by an angle and inclination of a line with UP is represented by an angle 00. QUO What are the apparent angles of inclinations? Nanas The angle made by the front view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination a. The angle made by the top view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination p. QUO Name the methods to determine the true length and true inclinations of a straight line. Nanas:-The following methods are used even the line is inclined to both the reference planes. I) Rotation method 2) Auxiliary plane method 3) Trapezoid method. QUO What are skew lines? Two lines that are not parallel With each Other and do not intersect re called skew lines. QUO What is the trace Off straight line? Nanas:-When a straight line is inclined to a plane, it Will meet that plane, produced if necessary. The point in which the line or line produced meets the plane is called its trace. 1) Horizontal trace:. The point of intersection of the line with the HP is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace:-The point of intersection of the line with the UP is called the vertical trace. QUO Define a plane. Nanas:-A flat surface generated by moving a straight line in space is called a plane. A plane fig. Has only two dimensions i. E. Engel and breadth, QUO What is the difference been a plane and a lamina? Nanas:-Plane:-A plane has no boundary and it extends to infinity in all directions. Lamina:-The plane which has limited extent is also known as lamina. QUO ? What are the types of planes? Nanas:-There are two types of planes. 1) Perpendicular planes:-The planes which are perpendicular to one or both the reference i. E. UP and HP are called perpendicular planes. 2) Oblique planes:-The planes which are inclined to both the reference planes i. E. UP and HP are called oblique planes. QUO What is the trace of a plane? Nanas:-The lines in Which the planes meet the reference planes i. E. HP and UP are called the traces of the planes. There are two types of traces of planes.

General Lloyd Austin III - Speech on Assuming Command of U.S. Forces-Iraq free essay sample

Tips For Taking IELTS Essay Sample Band Exams

Tips For Taking IELTS Essay Sample Band ExamsIf you are looking for an IELTS essay sample task to help you write your own essay, you will be glad to know that they are available in many online outlets. It is just as important to create your own essay as it is to use an essay sample that you are familiar with. One reason that writing an essay is so difficult is because the rules and procedures are different from country to country. When you use a sample essay, you are not only avoiding making mistakes, but you will also be able to make the changes that you have made to your own essays.It is important to be aware of the fact that the IELTS exam is one of the most difficult tests to pass. The reasons for this are numerous. As the test measures the basic level of speaking English, it is no surprise that those who pass the exam are those who know more than the average person. As a result, there are many portions of the exam that are based on these concepts. Therefore, if you want to succe ed on the test, you will need to master these concepts before the test.Another reason that makes the IELTS test so difficult is the fact that it has three sections. One of these sections tests the general level of knowledge. The second section tests the abilities to understand foreign texts. The third section is the writing portion and here you will be given a new task to write an essay.To prepare for this IELTS essay sample task, you will first need to have a good understanding of English grammar. A basic knowledge of punctuation, word order, and other parts of the language will help. In addition, you will need to have basic skills in grammar and vocabulary. You will want to learn how to express your ideas clearly and concisely.A good question to ask yourself is why the IELTS test is so difficult. In a lot of cases, the answer is that English is the most widely spoken language in the world and not many people are familiar with it. When you take the test, you will have to write an e ssay about a topic that you have never used before.You will have a specific time frame to complete your essay. As a result, you should take your time and compose an essay that will hold your attention and interest for at least three or four hours. The idea is to make your essay not only interesting, but entertaining. Write in a way that you will remember. In addition, make sure that you spend enough time on each point of your essay.Finally, when you are preparing for the IELTS exam, make sure that you have done your homework. The more you know about the exam, the easier it will be for you to ace it. Whether you plan to use the IELTS essay sample band or not, having this information will help you take the exam in the best possible way.

Classic Airlines and Marketing

Classic Airlines and Marketing Classic Airlines is the fifth largest airline in the world with 25 years of experience and profitable revenue. Even though the industry is in a financial downfall, Classic Airlines is not immune to pressure. Competitive pressure and increased lower-fare travel have combined to cause passenger revenue in a long-term trend.The five environmental forces in businesses must monitor: social, economic, technological, competitive and regulatory. By identifying trends related to each of these forces businesses can develop and maintain successful marketing programs (Kerin, Hartley, Berkowitz Rudelius, 2005). The airline industry has reached a low point since the September 11th attacks that has contributed to the airline economics in addition to the worldwide economic viability. Worldwide including The United States has been impacted by the market decrease and has the airline business striving to regain and improve profitability. In spite of financial issues the airline industry remains compet itive and as shown in Exhibit A, Classic Airlines Financials negative numbers are starting to show more each month (Course Materials, 2009).English: Screenshot from WebCRMSituation BackgroundBy an increased uncertainly about flying there has been a concerned investment community on the watch, the airline industry operates with a microscope watching over them.The consumers' confidence appears to be waving. Classic's declining rewards program measured a decrease in reference to the lower number of Classic reward member which, turns to the lower amount of flights. The loyal customer's that Classic Airlines has had are not been happy and they are going somewhere else. Rising costs, such as labor and fuel has limited Classic's ability to compete for a valued perk for the frequent flier.Classic is now facing a mandated cost reduction to take place over the next year and the Board of Directors has not released much information on the company's current state and this may be...

1st student project Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

1st student project - Term Paper Example The geological reasons given to most earthquakes are the movment of tectonic plates, causing damage when two plates overlap, slide under or over or past one another. The puzzling aspect about the mid western quakes is that they do not come under the areas affect by fault lines or cracks. There is geological evidence that this area was shook by earthquakes during the period of A.D 490, A.D 900 and A.D 1450, after which there were quakes again in 1811 to 1812. The details imply a five hundred year pattern, under the theory that faults build up stress, causing these violent earthquakes as a let out. Another hypothesis that has been suggested as the reason behind the mid western quakes is the effect of ice glaciers from 20,000 years ago. Once the ice melted, lifting the load, the land began to rise but the mantle is not as flexible and takes longer to respond to the release of pressure. (findarticles.com). This is believed to have created unusual tension in the mid western continental Un ited States, causing the New Madrid quakes. Scientists have pinpointed a number of faults that have caused earthquakes over the midwestern region, shown in the map below. It is also believed by scientists after 9 years of observation, that the New Madrid fault line might be shutting down, as it has shown no activity in the observation span. As a consequence, the risk calculations have varied wildly, from a 10 percent chance of a disastrous earthquake in the next 50 years to a chance of just 1 percent or less. (Choi, 2009). The Lower Wabash Valley of southwestern Indiana and adjacent parts of Illinois is seismically active. (Hill, 2002). There have been reports of earthquakes in parts of southwestern Indiana, affecting different parts in the years 1968, 1987 and 2001. It has been noted that the Lower Wabash Valley is capable of causing disastrous earthquakes at any time.

Personal statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Personal statement - Essay Example I have been a part of many activities at my university due to this quality and confidence. I have many hobbies in life- ranging from reading to many kinds of sports. I have set several goals for myself, professionally and personally. One of my goals is to become a very successful professional in life. My academic area of interest has always been accounting and finance therefore I wish to work in the field of accounts and finance. Finance and accounting is considered to be the backbone of every business because of which CEOs acquire degrees in this field more than any other field. I wish to take this course since it is very broad in nature and offers open doors to many fields like public accounting, government jobs, private sector jobs etc. I have always been efficient with numbers and figures which is a good quality for a person in this field. I think that accounting and finance requires a person to have good analytical skills and logic. I have studied accounts and finance before as well, therefore possess basic knowledge about the concepts that are involved in it. This h as allowed me to enhance my analytical skills and directed me to explore more in this field on my own. My grades in mathematics have always been commendable that have helped me to develop logic and reasoning skills. The prevailing times of the global recession demands the knowledge of accounting and finance so that companies can cut their costs to the minimum. Such tasks are possible by strict accounting in the company. Companies are now fully aware of the fact that efficient internal controls should be deployed in the company to take care of their accounting and finances. Due to this fact, I feel I would be able to contribute a lot to my future organization if I have the knowledge of finance and accounting. I find this field of work challenging and exhilarating since

Islamic Fundamentalism Essay Example for Free

Islamic Fundamentalism Essay 20 March 2007 Introduction On September 11, 2001, the United States of America experienced the worst act of terrorism ever perpetrated on American soil, as major targets in New York, Washington DC, and Pennsylvania were the scenes of the massive slaughter of innocent civilians. From the moment that the first act commenced, the rumor mill flew into overdrive, conveniently blaming the terrorism on â€Å"militant Islamic† people, and implying that this movement had suddenly sprung up out of obscurity to strike at the heart of America like a thief in the night. The reality is much more complex, for fundamentalist Islam has a much longer history, and the threat it continues to pose to Western Democracy, even today, had been growing and mutating for generations prior to 9/11. In this paper, the very definition of fundamentalism at its beginning will be presented, as well as the perversion of it that has led to the challenges and threats the West now has come to bear. Roots of Fundamentalism. To begin, one needs to understand two very different and specific terms: followers of Islam and Islamic Fundamentalists, as the two groups are vastly different, yet both claim legitimacy under the same doctrine. In its purest form, Islam is based upon the ancient teachings of the prophet Muhammad, who was said to have been given the Quran, or holy book of Islam, by God himself, with Muhammad as the messenger and deliverer of the Quran and its teachings to the masses (Davidson). If one were to follow the teachings of Islam in a more traditional sense, as Muhammad is said to have received the word from God, they would be peaceful, obedient servants of God, and Muhammad, thereby enriching their lives, raising solid families and leaving the world a better place than what is was when they were born into it. Eventually, however, political turmoil distorted this message and gave rise to a strain of Islam that is known as Fundamentalism or Extremism, depending upon the source of the material. This interpretation of Islam and the Quran takes the inflexible view that those who do not believe in Islam, and follow the Quran, are characterized as â€Å"Infidels†, and the price of their infidelity to Islam is death. Of course, the Christian ideals of the West make America a convenient target of this sort of massive hatred, but this hatred has also been fueled over the years by America’s defense of other enemies of the fundamentalists/extremists such as the people of Turkey and Israel (Mustikhan). Eventually, the rage of these Islamics would erupt against the US on a large scale, beginning in the 1970s. The Islamic Terrorist is Born It is generally agreed that those who are today termed â€Å"Islamic Terrorists† were first given that moniker by the West in 1979, when the United States Embassy in Tehran, Iran was seized by terrorists, taking hundreds of American diplomats and their support staffs hostage in a siege that ultimately lasted 444 days, and brought the United States to the brink of war with Iran. The group of Iranians and assorted others who were in essence the foot soldiers who undertook the plot, led by the extremist leader Ayatollah Khomeini, came to be called Islamic Terrorists (Hoveyda). From there, the stereotype of what a terrorist is, and their potential to wreak havoc on innocent people, began to grow in the minds of the world community. Threats to Western Democracy Due to the widespread presence of Islamic Extremists/Militants, the threat to Western Democracy has become very real, and of course has manifested itself in such tragedies as the Iran Hostage Crisis and 9/11. Given the humble beginnings and admirable teachings that are found in the Quran, and were exhibited by Muhammad and carried down by his disciples, it is a wonderment as to exactly how/why Islam eventually spawned a militant faction which goes against the foundations of the faith itself. In a word, the violent offshoot is the byproduct of fanaticism. Fanatics are those members of the Islamic community who have taken the position that any government, or religion (in their mind, they should be one in the same) that does not practice the teachings of the Quran are the equivalent of parasites that must be eradicated for the good of the human race. The defense of this attitude, and the resultant violence which comes out of the attitude, is due to misinterpretation of the Quran, hence making these individuals worthy of the extremist label. Because the Islamic Extremists have convinced themselves that they are doing the will of God, as laid out in their creative interpretation of the Quran, there quite literally is nothing stopping them from continuing to launch attacks against the Western Democracies, as well as other â€Å"infidels† who hold views and practice lifestyles which are contrary to theirs. One particularly chilling reality of the threat against Western Democracy is the fact that Islamic Extremists, while found in large numbers in some nations more commonly than others, really do not have a nation with borders, do not fly an identifiable flag, or wear a uniform that indicates that they are Islamic Extremists, despite what the leadership of the United States may choose to claim in the present day. Rather, the Extremists have the ability to move freely about the globe and do not have a set territory where organized armies can pursue and battle them. This sort of an invisible threat, not centered in a geographic location but highly organized and well financed as well as armed to the hilt, holds the potential to destroy their enemies, such as the Western Democracies, which are somewhat restrained by physical borders and the need to engage in conventional warfare. Because of this, the paradox is clear- how can an enemy be fought if it cannot be readily seen or tracked? Also, the inability to negotiate with Islamic Extremists closes another avenue of resolving differences and stopping the bloodshed. Conclusion- What is the Future Threat? This paper has shown that Fundamental Islam has the means, mindset, and determination to bring Western Democracy to its knees, as well as the point of annihilation. What this will mean for the future is anyone’s guess but one thing is for sure- without some sort of decisive action against Islamic Fundamentalists, many more innocent lives may be lost, and hard lessons may be learned too late and at too high of a price. Works Cited Davidson, Lawrence. Islamic Fundamentalism. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1998. Hoveyda, Fereydoun. The Broken Crescent: The Threat of Militant Islamic Fundamentalism. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1998. Marin-Guzman, Roberto. Fanaticism: A Major Obstacle in the Muslim Christian Dialogue. the Case of Twentieth Century Islamic Fundamentalism. Arab Studies Quarterly (ASQ) 25. 3 (2003): 63+. Mustikhan, Ahmar. The Roots of Islamic Extremism. World and I July 1999: 74.