A Strategy Proposal for Obstetric Emergencies

A Strategy Proposal for Obstetric Emergencies REPORT: A STRATEGY PROPOSAL FOR MANDATORY SKILLS AND DRILLS SESSIONS FOR OBSTETRIC EMERGENCIES 1  Executive Summary 1.1 This proposal was carried out following the need for drills as identified and recommended by the CEMACH report. 1.2 The situation was reviewed in the light of current directives regarding inter-professional collaboration. This report will express the necessity to involve all obstetric and neonatal staff, ensuring competency and continuous professional development. The report has identified mechanisms suggested for the introduction of obstetric drills in such a way that they are viewed by the potential participants as a non-threatening mechanism that is highlighting good areas of practice and areas for improvement. The process will stand jointly with a programme of targeted education to address areas of weakness. The process of drills and their feedback will be monitored and refinements made. This system of risk management will feed into the process areas of concern suitable for drill evaluation. 2.  Rationale for Choice of Topic Maternity care has been identified as an area for improvement (Department of Health 2000 An Organisation with a Memory). This topic of drills was chosen because there are clear calls for its use by a number of bodies (these include CEMACH, 1999, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists’ â€Å"Towards Safer Childbirth† document and CNST) and it well illustrates the importance of multidisciplinary team working. These drills are a requirement of CNST level 2 which confers a 20% reduction in insurance premiums on trusts. Drills have been of proven benefit in improving performance in eclampsia simulations (Thompson, 2004). It is likely that drills in other areas of obstetrics will also lead to improved performance (Thompson, 2004). The midwifery statutory body, the Midwifery Committee of the Nursing and Midwifery Council, and formerly the UKCC are concerned with the regular updating of skills requiring at least five days of training every three years. Humanistic approach The very nature of improving patient care for its own sake should be sufficient impetus to create an environment receptive to this change. The proposal is; The introduction of mandatory skills and drills sessions for obstetric emergencies: WHY: To involve all staff and ensure competency and continuous professional development. To identify staff who need more training e.g. study days. WHO: Midwives and other clinical staff, to encourage professional development and capability to deal with emergency situations. WHAT: Shoulder dystocia Antepartum and post partum haemorrhage Eclampsia Undiagnosed breech presentation Neonatal and Maternal resuscitation Placental abruption CNST actually recommends the following drills annually; Cord Prolapse Vaginal Breech delivery Shoulder Dystocia Antepartum Haemorrhage / Severe postpartum Haemorrhage HOW: Monthly skills and drills Change skill monthly Each drill twice a year Each midwife to attend a minimum of one of each skill per year 3.  Critical Discussion Background: The drills will be a part of evidence-based training through practical skills, on emergency situations occurring in the antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum period to prevent maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity (CEMACH). The latest report of the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths sates that â€Å"emergency drills for maternal resuscitation should be regularly practised in clinical areas in all maternity units.† The Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts (CEMACH) has Maternity Clinical Risk Management Standards. CNST (level 2, April, 2005) Criterion 5.2.1 states; â€Å"There is a system in place to ensure that all relevant staff participate in  an annual skills drill.† The CNST documentation advises that; â€Å"Collaborative, multidisciplinary practice sessions or â€Å"drills†, for dealing with emergency situations, allow for all members of staff, especially new and junior staff, to know and understand their specific roles and  responsibilities in an emergency.† The CNST also states; â€Å"Critical incident analysis is an effective educational and management  tool, and its use should be incorporated into the philosophy and daily  management of Labour Wards.† For CNST satisfaction in this criterion there must be verification records of all those who attend each drill. The rills should be linked to a training programme. There should be at least 75% attendance and ideally 100% attendance. Critical incidents in obstetrics are uncommon. Whilst the risk management already in place may highlight weaknesses in provision of care and remedial measures may subsequently be taken such as further training it is advantageous to simulate these uncommon but acutely life-threatening situations in order to feed the results into the risk management process. Inter-Professional Team: It is especially important that the drills involve the multidisciplinary team. The following members will be regularly involved; Midwives Maternity assistants Obstetricians of all grades Anaesthetists Operating department assistants Porters Neonatal paediatricians and nurses Students It is important that all the people involved in an actual emergency are considered when setting up a drill. In some scenarios the haematology team may be involved following consultation beforehand. The more realistic the drill the more valuable it will prove. Strategy The proposal consists of a number of aspects (Roberts, 1998) such as assembling a project team, planning the drills, implementation, evaluation, modification then further implementation of the drills, further evaluation and so on. With regard to strategy introducing drills does not fit so well into there being an agreed process in advance with the likely participants in the drill. This will make the drill less realistic and, especially if the subject matter is known in advance, it will enable participants to prepare. A fine balance will be sought between gaining the support of the individuals affected via effective interpersonal sills and leadership to enable an atmosphere of trust. This approach is of proven benefit (Kassean, 2005). This will involve informing the clinicians that drills will take place and the reasons why and that they should enable improvement in practice and team working with emphasis on this being in a non-threatening manner. During initial drills the performance will depend on the abilities, clinical and team working of all the clinicians attending and will also depend on the drill itself. There are two things to evaluate; staff performance and the drill itself. The drill can be modified. The weak areas in the performance of staff can be evaluated and training issues made good. On repetition of the drills subsequent staff performance will reflect and can be used as a measure of the success or otherwise of the implementation of the drills. Discussion: It will be important to pay particular attention to discussion and accurate planning of the drills. Meetings will be set up involving management and including the Professional Development Officer, Risk Management Officer, Head of Midwifery and Clinical Liaison Officer. Although it is proposed to cover the above lists the needs and timing and degree of repetition of specific drills will be determined by incident reports. The risk management process will feed into the drill planning. The teaching elements will be modified in timing, content and repetition according to specific performance in the drills. Individual training can then be addressed where needed and appropriate and more general sessions also provided with the relevant attendance facilitated. The objective, which will be made transparent, is to maximise the combined motivation and effort of all those likely to be involved in the change. Resources needed: There are some resource implications although these are fairly minimal compared to the likely gains. Staff time is involved in setting up the drills. Rooms need to be available. However clinical rooms will be used for instance (but not confined to) the delivery suite when it is quiet. Standard equipment will be used and this will incur costs. It may be necessary to purchase models or these may already be available on the unit. Some handouts may be necessary and documentation will need to be kept of attendance registers and the progress and evaluation of the drills. Management of change There are many change theories. Particularly illustrative of the inertia to change is a major component of Lewin’s (1951) theory of change. Here people are â€Å"frozen† in a particular manner of doing things. There are many reasons for this rigid position. Whilst some of the reasons relate to external factors the crucial resistance to change is at the level of the individual. In order for the individual to change, their way of thinking about the factor needs to be addressed. Too much pressure however can make an individual more resistant to change (Broome, 1998). Too many stressors will decrease the level of performance (Broome, 1998). An example of a successful change implementation emphasised the importance of communication at this stage in the change process (Kassean, 2005). Once the individual accepts the reasons for the change rather than just that change is necessary they can make the change, then further freezing in the new position effects the change. Ethical and legal considerations Midwives must be accountable for the actions and they have a duty of care to be up to date with their training. There are fitness to practice issues inherent here. Dimond (2006) describes the outcomes of some recent legal cases concerning interdisciplinary communication and management of obstetric emergencies. Evidence of team working and adherence to appropriate guidelines will help in the defence of such problems. The process of drills and further training and repeat drills will help to create a learning culture (Garcarz, 2003). Burke (2003) compares their own study of the effectiveness and the subsequent changes in practice following drills to large awards where delivery was less timely than in their drills. Evaluation Feedback will be obtained in a variety of formats including questionnaires and in reflective practice interviews. This will enable qualitative data to be obtained and analysed. Quantitative data will be obtained and statistically analysed. This evidence will be used to evaluate just how effective the drills and the associated training are in improving clinical practice and team working in the simulation environment. Informal feedback will be acquired from discussion in team meetings of those involved in the drills as trainers and trainees. Such feedback will be helpful in assessing problems not identified elsewhere and will also be illustrative of the real barriers to change and how these might be addressed. 4.  Conclusion The introduction of obstetric drills is mandatory for CNST level 2 and is also recommended practice from a number of other bodies. There is evidence in the literature that such drills can be introduced in a manner which is accepted by participants and which is effective in the subsequent improvement of performance criteria. 5.  References Broome A 1998 Managing Change 2nd Edition. Basingstoke, Macmillan Burke C 2003 Scenario training: how we do it and the lessons we have learned. Clinical risk 9 103-6 CEMACH [WWW] http://www.cemach.org.uk/publications/WMD2000_2002/wmd-intro.htm accessed 23 April 2006-04-23 Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts Maternity Clinical Risk Management Standards April 2005 http://www.nhsla.com/NR/rdonlyres/EE1F7C66-A172-4F0C-8A36-7FCCD31A52A0/0/CNSTMaternityStandardsApril2005final.pdf accessed on 23 April 2006 Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts CNST [WWW] Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom 1999 Why mothers die. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Department of Health 2000 An organisation with a memory. Report of an expert group on learning from adverse events in the NHS, chaired by the Chief Medical Officer. London: Stationery Office Dimond B 2006 Legal Aspects of Midwifery, 3rd edition. Butterworth-Heinneman, UK Garcarz W Chambers R Ellis S 2003 Make your healthcare organisation a learning organisation. Radcliffe. Oxford Kassean HK Jagoo ZB 2005 Managing change in the nursing handover from traditional to bedside handover – a case study from Mauritius BMC Nursing 2005, 4:1 1472-6955 Lewin K 1951 Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper and Row Roberts K Ludvigsen C Project management for health care professionals Butterworth Heineman Oxford Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists 1999 Towards safer childbirth. London; RCOG Thompson S Neal S Clark V 2004 Clinical risk management in obstetrics: eclampsia drills BMJ328:269-271

Essay --

Children In The Civil War For my project on the Civil War, I researched the children that were around to see it. I think it’s important to know how this war impacted children, or even the involvement of children, because of what kids are like today. Today kids sit around and play video games about shooting people, back then, sometimes kids had to. When the Civil War broke out in 1861, kids from both the Union and the Confederacy said goodbye to some of their family members or even joined the military themselves. In fact, roughly twenty percent of Civil War soldiers were younger than eighteen. For the Union, this was the minimum recruitment age. However in times of war, laws were easily overlooked. The Confederacy, however, had no set age limit. Most youngsters weren’t exactly the fighters, but rather musicians. Technically, their job description didn’t include fighting, but if need be, it wasn’t uncommon for one to arm themselves and defend their lives. (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-kids/) I find it interesting to think that teenagers today’s biggest concerns compared to those during the war. Today you’ll find teenagers whose biggest problems in life are getting a five page essay on the Civil War in on time, acne, or those shoes they saw at the mall being ten dollars over the spending limit that their mom gave them. Back then teenagers were running through a hailstorm of bullets, watching as their friends and brothers fell inches away from them. They were thirsty for clean water, hungry for food, yearning for their mothers, or sometimes, even just wishing to be dead so it would end. Some assisted surgeons and sawed off damaged arms and legs. They endured the terrors that were associate... ...ive. (http://www.ducksters.com/history/civil_war/life_during_the_civil_war.php) Slave children were also impacted by this war, however slightly more positively. For many, this war meant freedom. Before the war had quite started, enslaved children had escaped to the North, either with their families or individually. When the war started, many of these families and children would slip into Union territory. Once Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, floods of these families came over. Homes for freed slaves was often no more than a wooden packing crate. Food was treasure, and disease was everywhere. Hope was not lost though. Northerners established schools that would teach blacks of all ages how to read and write. Soon, young African Americans â€Å"pulled a white teenager† and joined the army. They fought for the Union cause and thus experienced the terrors of war.

Religious Parallels Lord of the Flies

William Golding's Lord of the Flies is an allegorical novel from numerous perspectives. It draws societal parallels to a post-war world, political parallels to different methods of government, and even psychoanalytical parallels to the psychological models of Freud. One of the most prominent allegories contained in the story is its parallel to the Bible. William Golding creates these parallels in many different ways, through both settings, and the actions of characters. Interestingly, every religious allegory in Lord of the Flies is incomplete; they are similar to events in the Bible, but none of them are completely synonymous.Golding's creates a unique stance on Christianity by his flawed allegories to the Garden of Eden and Jesus’ teachings and death; he shows that he favors some Christian values and some of the Bible’s messages, but is opposed to others. The first connection between Lord of the Flies and the Bible is located at the very beginning of both books: the s etting of the island reminds one of the Garden of Eden. Golding describes the island: â€Å"Beyond the platform there was more enchantment. Some act of God [†¦] had banked sand inside the lagoon so that there was a long, deep pool in the beach with a high ledge of pink granite at the further end† (10).He also notes that the â€Å"shore was fledged with palm trees. These stood or leaned or reclined against the light [†¦]† (9). This is eerily similar to the Garden of Eden, which â€Å"the Lord God planted [†¦] and he placed there the man whom he had formed. Out of the ground the Lord God made various trees grow that were delightful to look at and good for food, with the tree of life in the middle of the garden [†¦]† (The New American Bible, Gen. 2:8-9). If â€Å"the man† in the Bible is taken to be Ralph and the other boys, then another comparison can be drawn.When Ralph strips down and swims in the lagoon, it reminds one of Adam naked i n the garden. The water could be seen as a connection to baptism, which is the recognition of a new birth or creation. This is one of the few connections in the novel which is entirely parallel with that of Bible, suggesting that Golding probably supported the creation theory. Yet another connection the Garden of Eden appears in the â€Å"beastie† that the boys are afraid of; it is often connected to the serpent in the garden that tempts Eve and causes original sin.These connections, however, are far from ideal. The island is indeed close to utopian, but there is the â€Å"long scar† (7) from the airplane crash. Golding probably rejected the idea that anything, even if created by God, could be perfect. Also, the serpent in the bible is always thought of as an external force, such as the devil, whereas Simon will eventually learn that the beast is not an external but an internal fear. This could be interpreted to mean the Golding did not believe that original sin came f rom an outside force; rather, it is an inherent part of human nature.Golding’s characterization of Simon creates a strong link between his actions on the island and the life of Jesus in the gospels. The first major example of this is when Simon is walking through the woods and is followed by the littluns: [The littluns] talked, cried out unintelligibly [†¦]. Then, amid the roar of bees in the afternoon sunlight, Simon found for them the fruit they could not reach, pulled off the choicest from up in the foliage, passed them back down to the endless, outstretched hands. When he had satisfied them he paused and looked round. † (56)

Analysis Of Drowning Sorrows Social Work Essay Essay Example

Analysis Of Drowning Sorrows Social Work Essay Essay Example Analysis Of Drowning Sorrows Social Work Essay Essay Analysis Of Drowning Sorrows Social Work Essay Essay 2009 ) . This makes Howard a danger to himself and/or others. Until these other issues are addressed, Howard can non turn his full attending to bereavement guidance. Contextual Analysis Macro Violence. In a recent visit, Howard was intoxicated and unsuitably touched Karla. When a societal worker visits a client in their place, and the client has been imbibing, the societal worker is placed in danger. Harmonizing to the National Association of Social Workers, ( NASW ) , work related force against societal workers is an unpleasant fact ( Safety Policy, 2010 ) . Work related force against societal workers is permeant and must be addressed by every school of societal work, bureau, and single worker. The National Association of Social Workers has identified that there is a upseting tendency of force against societal workers and other human service professionals. This force includes physical assault, verbal assault, torment, and the menace of assault ( Department of Labor, 1996 ) . Many happenings of force can be anticipated and their impact lessened ; some may be prevented wholly. Alcohol Abuse. Harmonizing to recent alcohol addiction dependence research, it has been found that about 53 per centum of the grownups in the United States have stated that one or more of their close relations has a imbibing problemthat requires professional alcohol addiction aid ( Kent, 2010 ) . Data indicated that about 15 per centum of people in the United States are job drinkers, and approximately five to ten per centum of male drinkers and three to five per centum of female drinkers could be diagnosed as intoxicant dependant ( Kent, 2010 ) . Alcoholism is a major societal, economic, and public wellness job. Alcohol is involved in more than half of all inadvertent deceases and about half of all traffic deceases ( Schuckit A ; Smith, 2006 ) . A high per centum of self-destructions involve the usage of intoxicant along with other substances ( Schuckit A ; Smith, 2006 ) . Peoples who abuse or are dependent on intoxicant are more likely to be unemployed, involved in domestic force, and have jobs with the jurisprudence ( such as imbibing and drive ) . Additionally, there is an extended literature associating impulsivity to alcohol usage and intoxicant jobs in human surveies ( Dick, et al. , 2009 ) . It is besides good known that heavy intoxicant usage can trip unprompted behaviour ( Dick, et al. , 2009 ) . This would bespeak that Howard stating that he will hit himself should be taken earnestly and reported to governments. Suicide Suicide is a major public wellness job ( Suicide, 2010 ) . Not merely is suicide riotous to the quality of life of subsisters and friends it is dearly-won. Suicides that are attempted and completed consequence in tremendous societal, economic, and medical costs ( Suicide, 2010 ) . It is estimated that self-destruction efforts cost about $ 33,000 annually in the United States ( Suicide, 2010 ) . Suicide occurs most frequently in response to a crisis such as a decease or loss of a relationship or occupation. Almost all persons that kill themselves suffer from depression or substance maltreatment issues ( Suicide, 2010 ) . Mezzo-soprano A survey released in March 2006 by the National Association of Social Workers found that 55 % of 5,000 accredited societal workers surveyed said they faced safety issues on the occupation. Sixty-eight per centum said their employers had non adequately addressed their concerns. On a mezzo degree, Karla s bureau does non look to hold any safety processs or policies in topographic point. When Karla speaks to Shannon about her concerns, while suggestions are made, Shannon does non take a proactive stance and acquire involved. Karla has stated that she does non experience safe in Howard s place. She has explained to her supervisor that Howard lives in a distant country where aid might non be available to her and her bureau has non stepped frontward with a program to ease her frights. NASW postulates that if bureaus have good conceived safety policies and processs in topographic point, client and worker safety will be maximized and the bureau s liability can minimise. Micro On the micro degree, while Howard has been referred to Karla for mourning guidance, Karla understands and has explained to Howard that if he is imbibing, mourning guidance will non be of much usage. Karla besides believes that Howard is a suicide hazard. The NASW Code of Ethics says that Social Workers respect and promote the right of clients to self-government and assist clients in their attempts to place and clear up their ends. Social workers may restrict clients right to self-government when, in the societal workers professional judgement, clients actions or possible actions pose a serious, foreseeable, and at hand hazard to themselves or others. Howard has stated to Karla that he knows how to stop his ain life and has identified a program ; he will hit himself. Although this menace may non be subjective at this clip, he has identified how he will stop his ain life, and this could be considered a foreseeable event. In add-on, maltreatment of intoxicant has been shown to increase unprompted behaviour ( Dick, et al. , 2010 ) . Alternate Schemes Strategy One Howard has identified a self-destruction program, and hence, is a danger to himself. Kara should name the constabulary and study that he has indicated to her that he has developed a program for self-destruction. Therefore, he should be brought to a Community Mental Health Center, where he could be seen by a Accredited Mental Health Professional and undergo detoxification, if he meets Emergency Detention, ( ED ) standard. An Emergency Detention is when a individual is believed to be a danger to themselves or others, the individual may be detained, involuntarily through a legal procedure ( Schwartz, 2007 ) . The phrase, a danger to self agencies that there is grounds or significant chance that an single intends to harm themselves ( Schwartz, 2007 ) . This normally involves a recent effort or menace made by the person ( Schwartz, 2007 ) . Strategy Two Karla would explicate to Howard that because he has continued to imbibe, even after they have talked about non imbibing, she could non help him with his mourning. Furthermore, because he is go oning to imbibe he is making a unsafe state of affairs for both of them. Karla would explicate that if Howard wants her aid with the mourning issues he has been covering with, he would hold to semen to her office. Strategy Three Karla would mention Howard to a drug and intoxicant rehabilitation centre, and explicate to him that until he deals with this issue, bereavement guidance will non make any good. She would explicate that because intoxicant is a sedative, his imbibing, increases the depression that he is covering with ( Bigsby, Ratcliffe, Rexrode, 1996 ) . She would obtain informed consent and name his Grandson. Howard becomes animated when talking about his Great Grandchild and this might be the inducement he needs to prosecute rehabilitation. Karla will besides hold to turn to the bureaus safety policies as they pertain to in place visits that pose safety issues. Karla would run into with her supervisor and explicate that with the current patterns of their bureau they need to see making policies and/or processs that address insecure in-home visits. Recommendation Karla will name Howard and explicate that she can non do their scheduled assignment because he has been imbibing. She will explicate that she would truly wish to help him but she can non when he is inebriated. Kara will propose that he should see rehabilitation and that she will assist him with resources in this affair. Karla will explicate that intoxicant is a sedative and this will add to his unhappiness about his married woman ( Bigsby, et al. , 1996 ) . She will offer to get off some educational stuffs to Howard about intoxicant, its effects, long-run wellness effects, and rehabilitation. Karla will keep a unagitated temperament so that feelings of anxiousness, fright, and anger do non interfere with her ability to pass on efficaciously. She will do her statements in a clear, simple, and direct mode. She will be self-asserting with Howard so her engagement in his state of affairs is seen by Howard as professional and non personal. She will repeat that until he is sober bereavement guidance will non be of much usage to him. She will explicate that she would wish to help him and should be sensitive to his demands. While she must non put herself in danger, she should assist Howard understand that she is available to assist him, merely non at his place if he is under the influence of intoxicant. Karla will seek to obtain informed consent, speak to Howard s Grandson about Howard s issues, and explain that Howard needs their support, love, and aid. Karla will explicate that she believes Howard is a danger to himself, and hence, she must reach the governments and he will be brought to a Community Mental Health Center and if he meets standards for admittance, he will hold to remain. Karla will talk to her supervisor about the absence of safety issues with her supervisor and will propose that they must set policies and processs in topographic point to protect the consumers and workers. Mentions Bigsby, Chris, Ratcliffe, Erin, Rexrode, Letetia ( 1996 ) . The Affects of Alcohol on You. Retrieved February 27, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: // www.mnet.edu/~kcastleb/affect.html Dick, Danielle M. , Smith, Gregory, Olausson, Peter, Mitchell, Suzanne H. , Leeman, Robert F. , OMalley, Stephanie S. , A ; Sher, Kenneth. ( 2010 ) . Understanding the Concept of Impulsivity and it s Relationship to Alcohol Use Disorders. Addiction Biology, 15, 217-226. Retrieved February 26, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www3.interscience.wiley.com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/cgi -bin/fulltext/123278047/PDFSTART Downs, Martin. ( 2010 ) . Challenging Old Assumptions About Alcoholism. The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //health.nytimes.com/health/ guides/disease/alcoholism/overview.html? inline=nyt-classifier Jeffries, Robin. A ; Frankish, James C. ( 2010 ) . Suicide. Retrieved February 26, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthline.com/galecontent/suicide Gusukuma, Isaac V. ( 2002 ) Social Work Safety. School of Social Work. Baylor University. Retrieved February 25, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www3.baylor.edu/Social_Work/pdf/socialworkersafety.pdf Kent, Jack. ( 2010 ) . Alcoholism Research and the Genetic Equation. University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved February 27, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //txtell.lib.utexas.edu/stories/a0001-full.html NASW Code of Ethics. ( 2009 ) . Retrieved February 26, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.socialwork.msu.edu/ethics/nasweth.html Safety Policy and Procedures Guidelines for Social Wortkers. ( 2010 ) . National Association of Social Workers. Massachusetts Chapter. Retrieved February 26, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.naswma.org/displaycommon.cfm? an=1 A ; subarticlenbr=289 Schuckit, Marc A. A ; Smith, Tom L. ( 2006 ) . An Evaluation of the Level of Response to Alcohol, Externalizing Symptoms, and Depressive Symptoms as Predictors of Alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, ( 67 ) , 2. Retrieved February 27, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jsad.com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/jsad/downloadarticle/ An_Evaluation_of_the_Level_of_Response_to_Alcohol_Externalizing_Symptoms_/ 1014.pdf Schwarz, Allen N. , LCSW. ( 2007 ) . What to make in a Mental Health Emergency. Retrieved February 26, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mentalhelp.net/poc/view_doc.php? type=doc A ; id=28670 A ; w=5 A ; cn=9 United States Department of Labor. ( 1996 ) . Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Guidelines for Preventing Workplace Violence for Health Care and Social Service Workers. Retrieved February 27, 2010 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dangerousbehaviour.com/Disturbing_News/ Guidelines % 20for % 20PreventingViolence % 20HSS.htm

Commentaire darret TGI Lille 5 juin 2002 Essays - Free Essays

Commentaire d'arret TGI Lille 5 juin 2002 Essays - Free Essays Commentaire d'arret TGI Lille 5 juin 2002 Le 5 juin 2002, le tribunal de grande instance de Lille a rendu une decision tres critiquee relative a l'infidelite au sein des couples pacses. Dans ce jugement il s'agit d'un homme pacse qui reproche a son partenaire d'entretenir des relations adulteres avec un autre. Le probleme c'est qu'il a des difficultes a recueillir des temoignages de la part du voisinage et demande pour cela la commission d'un huissier afin qu'il vienne constater l'infidelite. Il fait donc une demande au tribunal de grande instance de Lille afin que sa requete soit prise en compte. On peut se demander dans qu'elle mesure le PACS donne-t-il naissance a un devoir de fidelite? Le president du tribunal de grande instance statuant sur les visas de l'article 145 du nouveau code de procedure civil, et sur l'article 515-1 et 1134 du code civil valide la demande du requerant et commet un huissier de justice afin de constater l'infidelite de son partenaire. Il considere en effet que de l'article 515-1 du code civil decoule une obligation de vie commune entre partenaires d'un Pacte civil de solidarite, qui doit etre executee loyalement. Que l'obligation de devoir executer loyalement le devoir de communaute de vie commande de sanctionner toute forme d'infidelite entre partenaires. Que le manquement a l'obligation de vie commune justifie une procedure en resiliation de PACS aux torts du partenaire fautif. I) Le PACSet ses effets A. Le PACS, un contrat au dela des relations patrimoniales. Le pacte civil de solidarite est un contrat entre deux personnes majeures, de sexe different ou de meme sexe, pour organiser leur vie commune. Il a ete promulgue par la loi du 15 novembre 1999. Le PACS etablit des droits et des obligations entre les deux contractants, en terme de soutien materiel, de logement, de patrimoine, d'impots et de droits sociaux. Il peut etre dissous par la volonte de l'un ou des deux contractants, qui adresse une declaration au tribunal d'instance ou au notaire. Dans le cas de notre arret, le requerant invoque la faute de son partenaire dans la mesure ou ce dernier aurait eu des relations extra-conjugales. Alors que dans le mariage l'adultere est considere comme une faute, la loi sur le PACS ne mentionne pas ce principe. Toute fois, le code civil est assez vague quant aux effets du PACS concernant la dimension extrapatrimoniale. En effet, l'article 515-1 du Code civil prevoit que ce contrat a pour finalite d'organiser la vie commune de ses contractants. Ain si en vu de cette definition il semble legitime de se demander si de la notion de vie commune decoule plus qu'une simple collocation. Dans ce cas le PACS n'est plus un simple contrat visant a organiser les relations patrimoniales entre les contractants mais s'ouvre aux relations prevues par le droit des personnes. B. Vie commune et devoir de fidelite entre les partenaires L'ancien article 515-4 du code civil prevoyait que les partenaires lies par un pacte civil de solidarite s'apportent une aide mutuelle et materielle, ce dernier article a ete modifie par la loi du 23 juin 2006 qui declare que les partenaires lies par un pacte civil de solidarite s'engagent a une vie commune ainsi qu'a une aide materielle et une assistance reciproque. On comprend aisement la volonte du legislateur de renforcer le PACS dans une dimension qui depasse celle du seul patrimoine. Le PACS deviens alors un contrat qui organise la vie commune. Le Conseil constitutionnel a precise dans une decision du 9 novembre 1999 que la "vie commune suppose outre la cohabitation, une vie de couple" qui ne se limite pas a "une communaute d'interets". Il existe entre partenaires pacses sinon une obligation de fidelite, au moins une obligation de loyaute derivant du droit commun des obligations contractuelles. Il semble alors legitime de se demander si la solution retenue par le tribunal de gr ande instance du 5 juin 2002 est justifiee ou non. Cette ordonnance ne remet pas en cause la liberte de defaire un PACS, mais rappelle qu'il est possible de rompre unilateralement un PACS et d'exiger des dommages-interets pour les motifs qui ont conduit a prendre une telle decision. Il ressort de la decision du Conseil constitutionnel que le PACS est un contrat et comme

What is Psychosocial Studies How can this type of approach help us to Essay

What is Psychosocial Studies How can this type of approach help us to a better understanding of the self and society - Essay Example Sociology, in the above context, is a discipline studying the impacts of society on individuals. As for psychology, this can has been described as ‘the science of the soul’ (Goelenius in Banerjee, 1994, 225) and as ‘the science of consciousness’ (Banerjee, 1994, 225); at this point the content of consciousness should be described. Banerjee (1994) refers to the Locke’s definition of consciousness; Locke supported that ‘consciousness is the perception of what passes in man’s own mind’ (Banerjee, 1994, 225). The relationship between psychology and consciousness reveals the point of differentiation between sociology and psychology: the former addresses the social groups while the latter focuses on the individual – as the subject of consciousness, in the context of the definitions mentioned above. In other words, sociology and psychology are two disciplines, which are basically developed independently having different priorities and serving different needs. On the other hand, the points of interaction between sociology and psychology are also revealed: both disciplines are related at the point that all individuals are members of the society – as set by Aristotle. On the other hand, the responses of individuals to their environment may be differentiated under the influence of a series of factors; usually, the personal experiences and views have a crucial role in the development of specific human behaviour. However, certain times, the reactions to events of the personal or the social life are not aligned with the personal characteristics and attitudes but they are rather formulated in accordance with the rules and the ethics held in the society. It is clear that the framework in which the person can act independently has to be clearly defined – setting the borders of personal acting. Moreover, concepts like the

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